Drug Production Lawyers in Toronto
Drug production is the charge which arises from the producing of a controlled substance listed under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (“CDSA”). Production itself is defined under Section 2 as manufacturing, synthesizing, cultivating, harvesting or otherwise obtaining the substance by a process or method.
It is an offence to produce any substances listed in Schedules I, II, III, IV or V of the CDSA. The most common substances listed in the CDSA schedules are cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, fentanyl, opium, morphine, LSD, oxycodone, GHB, PCP (or “angel dust”), and Psilocybin (or “magic mushrooms”).
The relevant provision for drug production in the CDSA is:
Production of substance
7 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall produce a substance included in Schedule I, II, III, IV or V.
Even if you only produced the drug for your own purposes, with no attempt to sell or transport it, you may be charged with drug production. Additionally, if you weren’t the sole person manufacturing, synthesizing, cultivating or harvesting the drug, you can still be charged if you were assisting in any way with the production process.
Investigation of Drug Production Charges in Toronto
Drug production investigations often involve extensive undercover work and police surveillance in the form of wiretaps into phone conversations and video surveillance. Police may initiate a drug production investigation based on information received from informants in other police cases. In many drug production investigations, the police surveillance can take place over a number of months before an arrest is made. Investigations often conclude with the police executing a warrant to search the production facility or premise.
After the police have gathered their evidence, they will arrest you if they believe you are the perpetrator. If you are not present at the scene, police will track you down or issue a warrant for your arrest.
After you have been charged, police will provide a package with all the evidence they collected, known as the “disclosure package,” to the Crown Prosecutor. You will have the right to access this disclosure package to see the evidence against you. Once you retain one of our lawyers, we will assist you in obtaining the disclosure package, and we will review it with you to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Crown’s case, as well as any legal defences that may be available to you.
Bail Process and Conditions for Drug Production Charges in Toronto
How do I get myself or a loved one out on bail for drug production charges in Toronto?
Because drug production is one of the most serious charges you can face under the CDSA, the police will likely keep you in custody and require a formal bail hearing to determine your release.
In order to conduct a bail hearing, you will be taken to the Toronto Police Service Division that is responsible for the alleged crime. The bail hearing must be held within 24 hours, a period that starts from the moment of arrest or detention rather than the time when you are brought into the Division.
The phone number for each division is 416-808-[Division Number – 00], so for example, the number for 52 Division is 416-808-5200. The addresses for each Division of the Toronto Police Service can be found here.
Penalties for Drug Production Charges in Toronto
The penalty for drug production charges can be hefty, usually including a significant jail sentence.
The primary indicator of the maximum possible punishment is the type of drug produced, for example:
- Cocaine, fentanyl, ketamine, heroin, GHB (“date rape” drug) and opium carry a potential prison term of up to life in prison, with a minimum of 2 years;
- LSD, psilocybin (“magic mushrooms”) and mescaline carry a potential prison term of up to 10 years if the Crown proceeds by way of indictment, and 18 months if by way of summary.
A drug production conviction also attracts a mandatory minimum sentence of one year in jail.
The mandatory minimum sentence may be increased if certain factors are present:
- The place involved in the production belongs to a third party;
- The offence created an actual or potential threat to the security, health, or safety of a minor;
- The production created an actual or potential public safety hazard in a residential area; or
- You set up a trap or device that created actual or potential death or bodily harm to another person.
Some of the most significant factors that could increase your likelihood of jailtime are:
- The drug or substance falls under Schedule I (more dangerous);
- The drug was produced in the presence of minors or other vulnerable people; or
- The offence involved a connection with a criminal organization.
Other factors that can impact the sentence range include your personal circumstances, criminal history, and the circumstances of the offence.
In addition to the penalties above, a conviction for drug production can have wide-ranging negative consequences on your future:
- Drug charges may affect your reputation in your community or with social groups;
- Potential employers may refuse or terminate your employment if their business involves handling money or the use of valuable property;
- Your friends, family and peers may view you as unworthy of their trust;
- You may have civil, immigration, or child custody consequences;
- You may have difficulty owning or renting property; and/or
- You may have difficulties travelling abroad, including to the United States.
Therefore, even if you intend on accepting responsibility for this type of offence, it is worthwhile to explore your options and consider all the possible penalties. Often, good representation can result in no criminal record. Furthermore, a community-based sentence may be obtained even where the Crown is seeking jail time.
Rest assured, our lawyers will work hard to defend you so that you are not saddled with the consequences of a criminal conviction for drug production. In fact, we can canvass a range of sentencing options with the Prosecutors that will either leave you with no criminal record or impose minimal restrictions on your liberty after sentencing. To learn more about potential non-criminal resolutions, please visit our Resolutions page, or read our FAQ on resolutions and other sentencing options.
Defending Drug Production Charges in Toronto
What are the best defences to drug production charges in Toronto?
Drug prosecutions are often highly technical in nature. Just because drugs were involved does not mean a conviction is automatic.
Some of the most common defences for drug production include:
- Factual Innocence: This is usually the strongest defence because the facts and evidence do not support you being there, interacting with the illicit drug, or other basic elements of the offence. This could include:
- No mental intent: A common defence available for drug production charges is that you did not intend to produce the illicit drugs. For example, if a poppy or coca plant were growing in your garden without you realizing.
- Not an illicit drug: If a substance is not scientifically proven to be an illicit drug under one of the CDSA schedules, it is not illegal to interact with it. Typically, the substance will be sent to a laboratory to undergo multiple sample tests in order to prove it is a controlled drug or substance.
- Identity: In some circumstances where the offence was not recorded by surveillance footage, or the footage is poor quality, you may be able to raise an identity defence. For example, authorities could have made a mistake in identifying you as the perpetrator based on the poor quality of the footage. In order to effectively raise this defence, you may need corroborative evidence, such as an alibi to where you were at the time of the offence.
- Violation of Constitutional Rights: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms sets out your rights before and after your arrest. If the police fail to abide by these rights, it could aid in your defence. With drug production, this typically arises as an unlawful search and seizure of the substance, or an unlawful detention and/or arrest.
The Crown is required to prove that you not only committed the physical acts of drug production, but that you intended to perform the actions involved. While the Crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that you committed the offence, you may bear some responsibility in raising certain defences at trial.
The availability and strength of any defence depends entirely on the specific facts of your case. Our lawyers have significant experience assessing the availability and strengths of potential defences in drug production cases, as well as presenting any and all available defences to the Court at trial. Even if you believe you will be found guilty, it is important that you obtain a legal opinion about the defences that may be available to you.
How can I help defend drug production charges in Toronto?
If you have been charged with a drug production offence in Toronto, the following can help your lawyer build a strong defence:
- Provide your lawyer with a statement about what happened;
- Collect and maintain all documents and records about the event;
- Gather a list of witnesses that may support your version of events; and
- Log any relevant texts, emails, phone calls or photographic evidence.
What information is relevant will depend on the facts in your case. As soon as you are released on bail, you should start to gather any information that may be of use to your lawyer. If you are uncertain what information may be relevant, you should contact one of our lawyers immediately to create a plan of action for gathering information.
If you are truly proactive about the matter, consider doing the following:
- Secure proof of employment;
- Secure reference letters;
- Enroll in counselling (anger management/substance abuse/parenting);
- Secure a record of prescriptions; and
- Secure a record of any mental health conditions you suffer from.
These steps can be very helpful to building an effective defence (or convincing the Prosecutor to drop the charges altogether).
What can a lawyer do to help me defend against drug production charges in Toronto?
As we start preparing your defence by examining police actions and the evidence against you, there are certain defence strategies that can be used to aid your cause, including:
- Assembling documents, photographs, texts, etc. that contradict the allegation and support your defence;
- Gathering evidence from witnesses that support your version of events;
- Identifying mistakes in the actions of the police, such as Charter breaches;
- Uncovering administrative/systemic errors, such as “Jordan delay,” non-disclosure, lost or destroyed evidence, etc.; and
- Finding weaknesses or “holes” in the Crown’s case that may make it difficult or impossible for them to establish the elements of the offence.
An experienced and capable drug production lawyer will be able to review your case to determine if there are any defences that can lead to your acquittal.
What Next?
Drug production cases are highly technical and fact-specific. Additionally, because of the lengthy police surveillance involved, drug production cases are often very complex.
We have tried our best to provide a general outline of what you can expect if you find yourself in this situation, but this is just the tip of the iceberg.
To learn more about how we can help, please contact our team of Drug Production Lawyers. We will conduct a thorough review of your situation and tailor a precise strategy that targets your successful defence.
Drug Production FAQs
